![]() ![]() Names were not initially hereditary only by the mid-14th century did they gradually become so. Surnames were created to fit the person, mostly from patronyms (e.g., John son of William becomes John Williamson), occupational descriptions (e.g., John Carpenter), character or traits (e.g., John Long), or location (e.g., John from Acton became John Acton). In England it was only after the Norman conquest that surnames appear to have been used, with pre-Conquest individual relying on a number of bynames that were not hereditary, such as Edmund Ironside. Single names were chosen for their meaning or given as nicknames. In pre-urban times people were only known by a single name – for example, the Anglo-Saxon name Beornheard. The way people are named has changed over time. In history, before people could gravitate towards areas of work that matched their names, many people were given names that matched their area of work. One explanation for nominative determinism is implicit egotism, which states that humans have an unconscious preference for things they associate with themselves. A few recent empirical studies have indicated that certain professions are disproportionately represented by people with appropriate surnames (and sometimes given names), though the methods of these studies have been challenged. The idea that people are drawn to professions that fit their name was suggested by psychologist Carl Jung, citing as an example Sigmund Freud who studied pleasure and whose surname means 'joy'. 'Aptronym' merely means the name is fitting, without saying anything about why it has come to fit. Nominative determinism differs from the related concept aptronym, and its synonyms 'aptonym', 'namephreak', and 'Perfect Fit Last Name' (captured by the Latin phrase nomen est omen 'the name is a sign'), in that it focuses on causality. Since the term appeared, nominative determinism has been an irregularly recurring topic in New Scientist, as readers continue to submit examples. These and other examples led to light-hearted speculation that some sort of psychological effect was at work. These included a book on polar explorations by Daniel Snowman and an article on urology by researchers named Splatt and Weedon. The term was first used in the magazine New Scientist in 1994, after the magazine's humorous "Feedback" column noted several studies carried out by researchers with remarkably fitting surnames. Nominative determinism is the hypothesis that people tend to gravitate towards areas of work that fit their names. Hypothesis that people tend to gravitate towards areas of work that fit their name
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